By Gary Null, Ph.D., and Martin Feldman, M.D.
Part 1
Sixteen years have passed since Prozac, the antidepressant drug, was introduced to the U.S. market and quickly achieved the label of a “wonder drug.” During that time, Prozac has indeed helped many people who suffer from severe depression. But the early claims that Prozac would alleviate depression without causing harmful side effects have not been realized.
In fact, just the opposite has proved to be true. Prozac has produced serious side effects in some users, prompting a host of lawsuits against Eli Lilly & Co., the drug’s manufacturer. These adverse effects include akathisia (a condition in which a person feels compelled to move about), permanent neurological damage, and suicidal obsession and acts of violence.
Despite the emergence of these reactions, Prozac has gone on to generate more than $21 billion in sales for Eli Lilly,[1] to be taken by more than 40 million people worldwide,[2] and to lead a new class of medication—the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). In addition to fluoxetine (Prozac), the SSRIs include paroxetine (Paxil), sertraline (Zoloft), fluvoxamine (Luvox), and citalopram (Celexa).
This two-part article focuses on serious side effects associated with SSRIs, particularly Prozac. (Our report does not include the newest entrant to this class—escitalopram oxalate (Lexapro)—which was launched by Forest Laboratories, the manufacturer of Celexa, in late 2002. This new drug consists of the single active isomer of Celexa.[3]) The most controversial issue surrounding the use of SSRIs—a possible connection to suicidal thoughts and behavior in some users—made news in mid-2003 when the Food and Drug Administration recommended that Paxil not be used to treat depressed children and adolescents because regulators were reviewing reports from clinical trials of an increased risk of suicidal thinking and suicide attempts in young users of the drug.[4]
Zoloft, Paxil, and Prozac were the top-selling antidepressants in the U.S. in 2001, and antidepressants themselves were the largest category of prescription drug that year, with U.S. retail sales of $12.5 billion.[5] Prozac was the leading antidepressant worldwide in 2000, but its share of prescriptions has been declining since the mid-1990s due to competition from other drugs and from generic fluoxetine.[6] Eli Lilly’s U.S. sales of fluoxetine products fell 73 percent in 2002 following the introduction of generic fluoxetine here in August 2001.[7] Generic paroxetine and fluvoxamine also are available in the U.S. market.
Although the Prozac era has ended for Eli Lilly, the availability of less costly generics means that fluoxetine may be more affordable for tens of millions of uninsured people.[8] And in addition to gaining approval for Prozac for indications besides depression (obsessive-compulsive disorder, bulimia nervosa, and panic disorder), Eli Lilly now markets two Prozac-related products that have their own patents: Sarafem is the version of Prozac approved in 2000 for the treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). It was the first prescription drug in the U.S. with this indication. The second drug is Prozac Weekly, intended for the longer-term treatment of depression when symptoms have stabilized. It was approved in 2001.[9], [10], [11]
IMS Health has noted a trend toward “lifestyle indications” for antidepressants.[12] In addition to major depression and OCD, both Paxil and Zoloft are indicated for panic disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and social anxiety disorder. Zoloft also is approved for premenstrual dysphoric disorder, while Paxil also is approved for generalized anxiety disorder.[13], [14] Doctors, for their part, prescribe SSRIs for a wide range of conditions, such as headaches, substance abuse, eating disorders, back pain, impulsivity, upset stomach, irritability, hair pulling, nail biting, premature ejaculation, sexual addictions, and attention deficit disorder.[15]
One growing market for SSRIs is their use with children, even though some studies have found that antidepressants are no more effective than placebos in these patients.[16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22] A study in the Journal of the American Medical Association in 2000 found that psychotropic medications prescribed to preschoolers had “increased dramatically between 1991 and 1995” in the three sites studied.[23] An analysis of prescription claims among young Medicaid patients in North Carolina found that the use of Ritalin-type stimulants and Prozac-type antidepressants among children rose dramatically in the 1990s and that more were taking both drugs at once. In 1998, 10.7% of children aged 6 to 14 were receiving stimulants and 1.7% were receiving SSRIs (30% of these also took stimulants). Lead author Jerry Rushton, M.D., MPH, stated, “…the consistent increase in SSRI use and in dual prescriptions is especially surprising. We need further information about whether this is due to new unrecognized mental disorders, substitution for other therapies, or overprescription.”[24]
Serotonin and side effects
Prozac relieves depression by affecting the level of serotonin, a neurotransmitter that connects receptor sites and fires nerve cells. Joseph Glenmullen, M.D., a clinical instructor in psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, explains in his book Prozac Backlash that the drug inhibits the reuptake of serotonin—a process in which a cell that releases this chemical messenger reabsorbs any unused portion of it. By blocking the reuptake of this neurotransmitter, Prozac boosts the level of serotonin and prolongs the serotonin signals in the brain.[25]
Dr. Glenmullen points out, however, that neurotransmitters like serotonin, adrenaline, and dopamine are connected by complex circuitry and function interdependently. Changes in one neurotransmitter can set off changes in another. Thus, the idea that Prozac-type drugs work “selectively” on serotonin is an illusion. When the level of serotonin is artificially increased, the primary reaction in the brain is a drop in dopamine—a powerful secondary effect that was not understood when the new class of serotonin boosters was introduced. The severe effects of the SSRIs are thought to be caused by the connections between the serotonin and dopamine systems. “Drugs producing a dopamine drop are well known to cause the dangerous side effects that are now appearing with Prozac and the other drugs in its class,” Dr. Glenmullen writes. His term for these compensatory reactions in the brain is “Prozac backlash.”[26]
Peter R. Breggin, M.D., also reports in Talking Back to Prozac: What Doctors Aren’t Telling You About Today’s Most Controversial Drug, that Prozac acts as a stimulant to the nervous system.[27] Therefore, it can produce side effects that mimic those of amphetamines and are exaggerations of the desired effects of Prozac in relieving depression.
According to Dr. Breggin, the FDA psychiatrist who wrote the agency’s safety review of Prozac stated that the drug’s effects—including nausea, insomnia, and nervousness—resembled the profile of a stimulant drug rather than a sedative.[28] Dr. Breggin notes that nearly all of the Prozac side effects listed in the Physician’s Desk Reference “fit into the stimulant profile.” Among others, these stimulant symptoms include headaches, nervousness, insomnia, anxiety, agitation, tremors, weight loss, nausea, diarrhea, mouth dryness, anorexia, and excessive sweating.[29] He adds in The Antidepressant Fact Book that all of the SSRIs can cause insomnia, anxiety, agitation, and nervousness. These same effects and others are caused by the classic stimulants—methylphenidate, amphetamine, methamphetamine, Ecstasy, and cocaine.[30]
A drug that acts as a stimulant also can overstimulate the body systems. In Talking Back to Prozac, Dr. Breggin offers the example of a person who takes Prozac to relieve depression (the beneficial effect) and suffers from agitation and insomnia (the negative effects). These adverse reactions “are inherent in the stimulant effect that produces feelings of energy and well-being,” he writes. “In this sense, the difference between ‘therapeutic effects’ and ‘toxic effects’ are merely steps along a continuum from mild to extreme toxicity.”[31]
The Food and Drug Administration has received approximately 45,000 adverse reaction reports on Prozac.[32] It is not unusual for serious adverse effects to surface after a drug has hit the market, perhaps requiring that a major new warning be added to the label or that the drug be withdrawn. The FDA informs doctors, but not the public, that the approval of a drug does not mean it is safe.
An analysis of 548 new drugs approved between 1975 and 1999 was published in the Journal of the American Medical Association in 2002. It found that 56 of the drugs acquired a black box warning or were withdrawn (16 drugs) from the market. There was a 20% chance that problems will arise with any given drug after its approval. The researchers conclude that serious adverse drug reactions commonly emerge after FDA approval. They add, “The safety of new agents cannot be known with certainty until a drug has been on the market for many years.”[33], [34]
Dr. Glenmullen says that popular psychiatric drugs follow a “10-20-30 year pattern” in revealing their dangerous effects and falling into disfavor: About 10 years after their debut, the earliest signs of problems appear. At 20 years, there is enough data for the problems to be undeniable and a significant number of physicians to voice their concerns. At 30 years (or more), professional organizations and regulators actively work to stop overprescribing of the drug. At this point, drugs have become passé and lost their patent protection, and the manufacturers move on to more profitable drugs “that can be promoted “as ‘safer’ because their hazards are not yet known.”[35]
Comparisons of efficacy
The SSRIs have no more specific effect on depression than do other antidepressants, including the tricyclics and monoamine-oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), according to Charles Medawar. As he explains in “The Antidepressant Web,” patients generally respond to antidepressants in about 60% to 70% of cases, while the typical response to placebo is 30% to 35%. Therefore, the popularity of SSRIs is due to the fact that most experts believe they are safer or otherwise more acceptable than the alternatives. And, in fact, promotional messages for SSRIs state three advantages: the drugs produce fewer unwanted side effects, are more acceptable to more patients, and are safer in overdose.[36]
Despite the safety-related claims made in the medical literature, however, “the evidence overall does not suggest that SSRIs show any great and decisive safety advantage over alternatives in day to day use,” says Medawar. Consider the results of trials comparing SSRI efficacy and safety with that of other antidepressants: “Two independent meta-analyses, each starting with a careful search of the literature to identify all properly controlled trials, have reached broadly similar conclusions—the SSRIs do have the edge on alternatives, but not by much.”[37] One analysis of 62 trials found a 49% dropout rate for SSRIs versus a 54% rate for tricyclic antidepressants.[38] A second analysis of 63 trials (16 comparing an SSRI with a non-tricyclic) found that 3% fewer people stopped taking an SSRI because of the side effects.[39]
Other recent reviews also have found that the newer antidepressants are no more or less effective in treating depression than older-generation drugs.[40], [41] In a government study conducted by Dr. Cynthia Mulrow and colleagues, the researchers analyzed more than 300 randomized controlled trials and concluded there were no significant differences in efficacy between newer and older agents or in overall discontinuation rates. Fewer people taking SSRIs stopped treatment due to adverse effects than those taking first-generation tricyclics (the rate difference was 4%). More than 80 studies did find that newer antidepressants were more effective than placebo in treating major depression in adults. The response rate was 50% for the drugs, versus 32% for placebo.[42], [43], [44]
A more troubling conclusion was reached by Dr. Irving Kirsch and colleagues who analyzed data sent to the FDA for approval of the six most commonly prescribed antidepressants between 1987 and 1999 (Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft, Effexor, Serzone, and Celexa).[45] Their analysis found that the response to placebo was almost as great as the response to the antidepressants. The mean difference on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression was two points, according to a report in Psychiatric Times. The difference was statistically, but not clinically, significant.[46] The article states, “More than half of the clinical trials sponsored by the pharmaceutical companies failed to find significant drug/placebo difference, and there were no advantages to higher doses of antidepressants.” The authors add, “The small difference between antidepressant and placebo has been referred to as a ‘dirty little secret’ by clinical trial researchers…”[47]
Several recent studies have reported similar results, finding that an SSRI did not differ significantly from placebo in the treatment of depression.[48], [49], [50]
In Part 2: Serious adverse reactions that have been associated with Prozac and other SSRIs.
Correspondence:
Gary Null, PhD
P.O. Box 918
Planetarium Station
New York, New York 10024 USA
646-505-4660/ Fax 212-472-5139
e-mail: precisemd@aol.com
The Authors
Gary Null, Ph.D., has authored 50 books on health and nutrition and numerous articles published in leading magazines. Null holds a Ph.D. in human nutrition and public health science from the Union Graduate School. He maintains a Web site at www.garynull.com that presents research articles on optimizing health through nutrition, lifestyle factors, and alternative medicine.
Martin Feldman, M.D., practices complementary medicine. He is an Assistant Clinical Professor of Neurology at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York City.
References
[1] Langreth R. Getting off Prozac. Forbes.com, April 30, 2001.
[2] Eli Lilly communications office. Response to DeGrandpre R. The Lilly suicides. New Haven Advocate, August 15, 2002.
[3] Forest Laboratories Inc. Lexapro news: Lexapro is now available in pharmacies nationwide for the treatment of major depressive disorder. September 5, 2002. From www.lexapro.com/news/news_detail.asp?d=400.
[4] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA talk paper: FDA statement regarding the anti-depressant Paxil for pediatric population. June 19, 2003.
[5] National Institute for Health Care Management Foundation. Prescription drug expenditures in 2001: another year of escalating costs. Revised May 6, 2002.
[6] InPharm.com. Launching a new antidepressant. July 24, 2000.
[7] Eli Lilly and Company annual report 2002. From www.lilly.com/about/investor/02report/english/lillyar2002complete.pdf.
[8] CBSNEWS.com. Generic Prozac set to hit streets. August 3, 2001. From www.cbsnews.com/stories/2001/08/02/national/main304692.shtml.
[9] IMS Health. Lifestyle indications for antidepressants. April 4, 2000. From www.ims-global.com/insight/news_story/news_story_000404b.htm.
[10] U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). New treatment approved for severe premenstrual symptoms. FDA Consumer magazine, September-October 2000.
[11] U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Weekly Prozac dosage: treatment alternative for depression. FDA Consumer magazine, May-June 2001.
[12] IMS Health. Lifestyle indications for antidepressants. April 4, 2000. From www.ims-global.com/insight/news_story/news_story_000404b.htm.
[13] GlaxoSmithKline. Prescribing information for Paxil (paroxetine hydrochloride) Tablets and Oral Suspension. August 2003. From www.us.gsk.com/products/assets/us_paxil.pdf.
[14] Pfizer Inc. Prescribing information for Zoloft (sertraline hydrochloride) Tablets and Oral Concentrate. Revised September 2003. From www.pfizer.com/download/uspi_zoloft.pdf.
[15] Glenmullen, Joseph, M.D. Prozac backlash: overcoming the dangers of Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil, and other antidepressants with safe, effective alternatives.Touchstone, Simon & Schuster, New York, 2000, p. 14.
[16] Ibid, p. 15.
[17] Leonard M. Children are the hot new market for antidepressants. But is this how to make them feel better? Boston Sunday Globe, May 25, 1997, D1, D5 (cited in Glenmullen).
[18] Strauch B. Use of antidepression medicine for young patients has soared. New York Times, August 10, 1997, 1 (cited in Glenmullen).
[19] Martin A, Leslie D. Trends in psychotropic medication costs for children and adolescents, 1997-2000. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2003 Oct; 157(10):997-1004.
[20] Shatin D, Drinkard CR. Ambulatory use of psychotropics by employer-insured children and adolescents in a national managed care organization. Ambul Pediatr 2002 Mar-Apr; 2(2):111-9.
[21] Fisher RL and Fisher S. Antidepressants for children. Is scientific support necessary? J Nerv Ment Dis 1996; 184:99-102 (cited in Glenmullen).
[22] Pellegrino D. Commentary: Clinical judgment, scientific data, and ethics: antidepressant therapy in adolescents and children. J Nerv Ment Dis 1996; 184:106-8 (cited in Glenmullen).
[23] Zito JM, Safer DJ, dosReis S, Gardner JF, Boles M. and Lynch F. Trends in the prescribing of psychotropic medications to preschoolers. JAMA 2000 Feb; 283(8):1025-30.
[24] Newswise.com. Ritalin and Prozac: more kids using both drugs. University of Michigan study by Jerry Rushton et al., presentation to the annual meeting of the Pediatric Academic Societies and the American Academy of Pediatrics, May 13, 2000.
[25] Glenmullen, op. cit., p. 17.
[26] Ibid, pp. 17-20.
[27] Breggin, P.R., and Breggin, G.R. Talking back to Prozac: What doctors aren’t telling you about today’s most controversial drug. St. Martin’s Press, New York, 1994, p. 121.
[28] Ibid, p. 75.
[29] Ibid, p. 78.
[30] Breggin, P.R. The antidepressant fact book. Perseus Publishing, Cambridge, MA, 2001, p. 46.
[31] Breggin and Breggin, 1994, p. 105.
[32] Legal Law Help. Safety and health: Prozac. Undated. Accessed on October 18, 2003 from www.legallawhelp.com/safety_and_health/prozac/
[33] Lasser KE, Allen PD, Woolhandler SJ, Himmelstein DU, Wolfe SM, and Bor DH. Timing of new black box warnings and withdrawals for prescription medications. JAMA 2002 May; 287(17):2215-20.
[34] Willis MT. Risk of the new. abcnews.com, May 1, 2002. From http://more.abcnews.go.com/sections/living/dailynews/new_drug_safety020501.html.
[35] Glenmullen, op. cit., pp. 12-13.
[36] Medawar C. The antidepressant web—marketing depression and making medicines work. International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine 1997;10(2):75-126. Posted online at a Web site operated by Social Audit Ltd., the publishing arm of Public Interest Research Centre Ltd.: www.socialaudit.org.uk/Default.htm. Last updated August 8, 2003.
[37] Ibid.
[38] Anderson IM, Tomenson BM. Treatment discontinuation with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors compared with tricyclic antidepressants: a meta-analysis. Brit Med J 1995 June 3; 310:1433-8 (cited in Medawar).
[39] Song F, Freemantle N, Sheldon TA, et al. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: meta-analysis of efficacy and acceptability. Brit Med J 1993; 306:683-7 (cited in Medawar).
[40] Mulrow CD, Williams JW Jr, Trivedi M, Chiquette E, Aguilar C, et al. Treatment of depression—newer pharmacotherapies. Psychopharmacol Bull 1998; 34(4):409-795.
[41] Geddes JR, Freemantle N, Mason J, Eccles MP, Boynton J. SSRIs versus other antidepressants for depressive disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000; (2):CD001851.
[42] Mulrow, op. cit.
[43] Treatment of depression—newer pharmacotherapies. Summary, evidence report/technology assessment: Number 7, March 1999. Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, Rockville, MD. http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/deprsumm.htm.
[44] Newer antidepressant drugs are equally effective as older-generation drug treatments, research shows. Press release, March 18, 1999. Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, Rockville, MD. From www.ahrq.gov/news/press/pr1999/deprespr.htm.
[45] Kirsch I, Moore TJ, Scoboria A, Nicholls SS. The emperor’s new drugs: an analysis of antidepressant medication data submitted to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Prevention & Treatment, 5, Article 23. Posted July 15, 2002. From journals.apa.org/prevention/volume5/pre0050023a.html.
[46] Kirsch I, Antonuccio D. Antidepressants versus placebos: meaningful advantages are lacking. Psychiatric Times 2002 Sep; 19(9). From www.psychiatrictimes.com/p020906.html.
[47] Hollon SD, DeRubeis RJ, Shelton RC, Weiss B. The emperor’s new drugs: effect size and moderation effects. Prevention & Treatment, 5, Article 28, 2002 (cited in Kirsch and Antonuccio).
[48] Hypericum Depression Trial Study Group. Effect of Hypericum perforatum (St John’s wort) in major depressive disorder: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002 Apr 10; 287(14):1807-14.
[49] Fava M, Amsterdam JD, Deltito JA, Salzman C, Schwaller M, Dunner DL. A double-blind study of paroxetine, fluoxetine, and placebo in outpatients with major depression. Ann Clin Psychiatry 1998 Dec; 10(4):145-50.
[50] Petracca GM, Chemerinski E, Starkstein SE. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of fluoxetine in depressed patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Int Psychogeriatr 2001 Jun; 13(2):233-40.